(Geboren: nr Rokiskis, 12 April 1880; Gestorben: Kaunas, 6 Dec 1945). Lithuanian painter. He studied first in Mitava (now Jelgava) under Janis Valters and Vilhelms Purvitis, and then in Riga. In Munich he studied at the Anton Azbe school (1905/8) and attended classes in the decorative and applied arts, drawing and history of art, while at the same time exhibiting with the Munich Secession. Catalogues show that his first works after his return to Lithuania were influenced by the Symbolist movement in Munich, for example the Fiery Horseman (1912). In 1914 Kalpokas went to Switzerland, where he prepared for an exhibition that was to take place in Germany, but at the onset of World War I 120 of his works were lost. He then lived in poverty in Italy, working as a retoucher near Genoa. A painting from this period, Italian Fisherman (1919; Vilnius, priv. col.), reveals the influence of the Italian Renaissance and a desire to emulate the classical style of the 1830s. In 1921 Kalpokas returned to Lithuania but was untouched by the phase of National Romanticism in contemporary Baltic art. Instead he painted landscapes with echoes of Art Nouveau, as in Autumn (1921; Kaunas, Ciurlionis A. Mus.). He produced portraits and executed wall paintings in the spirit of Hans von Mareess German idealism (e.g. 1937/8; Vilnius, Lith. Cent. Trade & Indust.; destr. 1943). During the 1920s he became engaged in teaching activities in Kaunas, and from 1940 he taught at the State Institute of Applied and Decorative Art there.

(Geboren: Vienna, 22 Dec 1883; Gestorben: Kosmanos [now Kosmonosy], Bohemia, 13 March 1932). Austrian painter and printmaker. His family moved to Trieste in 1901. He studied at the Hochschule fur Angewandte Kunst, Vienna, under Alfred Roller. His woodcut series Il porto di Trieste is characteristic of his artistic activity during this period. With Oskar Kokoschka and Egon Schiele he took part in the first exhibition of the Kunstschau at Schwarzenbergplatz, Vienna (1908; held by a group of artists who had left the Secession as the Klimtgruppe (1905)).

(Geboren: Edo [now Tokyo], 1752; Gestorben: Edo, 1826). Japanese painter, poet, calligrapher and book illustrator. The son of an Edo merchant, he studied calligraphy from a very early age under the noted Chinese-style calligrapher Mitsui Shinna (1700/82). He also received a Confucian education, unusual at that time for a merchants son. From about 1765 to 1774 Bosai trained under Inoue Kinga (1732/84), an influential Confucian scholar of eclectic doctrines as well as a painter and calligrapher, at the Seijukan, a private academy near Yokohama. Bosai opened a Confucian academy in Edo in 1774. In 1790, however, the Tokugawa shogunate issued an edict aimed at curtailing the popularity of such schools as Bosais, where students were encouraged to develop their own moral philosophy rather than accept the government-sponsored Confucianism of the Chinese Song-period (AD 960/1279) philosopher Zhu Xi. Bosai gradually lost his pupils and in 1797 closed his school.